Beauty, wine and death in the ancient world

A new exhibition gives insights into the hidden lives of women, children, slaves and artisans of the ancient Graeco-Roman world

By Dr Tamara Lewit and Dr Caroline Tully, University of Melbourne

Picture a woman gazing at her face in a small mirror of highly polished brass. She has never seen her whole body – no mirror is that large in the Greek and Roman worlds.

She whitens her face with powdered chalk and reddens her cheeks with a dye made from the madder plant. Her fingers dip into a round dish decorated with a fanciful horse-headed sea monster.

We can seldom glimpse the workrooms, bedrooms and sickrooms of such ancient people or the hidden everyday lives of women, children, slaves or artisans who have left little trace and are often ignored in the writing of history.

Ancient Lives: Insights from the Classics and Archaeology Collection, a new two-part exhibition developed by the Ian Potter Museum of Art at the University of Melbourne’s Old Quad, gives a rare window into these lives.

The sea-monster dish is one of the many tiny, personal objects featured in one part of the exhibition: Amor et Mors: Vessels for the Beautiful Body in Life and Death.

Instead of chalk and dye, perhaps the woman at the mirror is using poisonous white lead and scarlet cinnabar (mercury sulphide) in her efforts to enhance her beauty.

The Roman poet Ovid suggests a mixture of crushed Libyan barley, bitter vetch, eggs and the first horns of a stag, mixed with narcissus bulbs and honey, so that “any woman who applies this treatment to her face will gleam more smoothly than her own mirror”.

Such a mixture would have been stored in a pyxis, a small cylindrical or convex box with a lid, decorated with animals like sphinxes and lions and patterned with spots, squares and squiggles.

People not only wanted to look beautiful but also to smell divine. A man would anoint himself with cardamon perfume and scented hair oil from a miniature glass bottle – perhaps a new type of bottle, shaped by artisans with their breath.

Blown glass was invented in the Near East in the first century BCE (the earliest evidence having been found in Jerusalem) and was brought to Rome by artisans and slaves from the region.

Ancient perfumes were made using olive, almond or sesame oil mixed with fragrant rose, coriander or wild thyme. The most expensive perfumes contained exotic frankincense, myrrh, cinnamon or cassia, brought from as far as Arabia and India. Indian patchouli was recently discovered in an ancient perfume bottle in Spain.

Perfume and beauty were not only for the living but also for the dead. Fragrant oils and unguents were used to beautify the corpse and were offered at the grave.

Wine was another important offering, given to the dead during funerals or poured into the tomb through holes or tubes on the birthdays of the deceased.

The second part of our exhibition, White, Tawny, Blood-red, Black: Wine in the Greek and Roman Worlds, explores how wine offerings to the gods were also an essential part of religion, poured at household shrines every day and on special occasions such as returning from a journey.

Coins in the exhibition show deities and emperors performing these rites, which were also carried out by the humblest fishermen, young girls or farm housekeepers.

Wine was used extensively in medicine. A Roman handbook of home remedies recommends gargling ground pigeon dung or crushed millipedes in wine for sore tonsils.

Herbal wines made with mint, fennel and wormwood (the main ingredient of modern absinthe) were used to cure ailments including coughs and stomach upsets.

One Greek treatise even recommends an injection of wine mixed with chopped up lizard as a horse aphrodisiac.

But wine was also a universal part of the diet for everyone – even children. Medical writers recommended that babies be weaned using bread softened in sweet wine, since without refrigeration milk would easily spoil.

Wine was always drunk diluted with at least three or four parts of water, except for religious rituals. Drinking water was often contaminated and was safer when mixed with wine, the acidic and alcohol content killing pathogens.

Sour wine, which was virtually vinegar, was distributed as rations to Roman soldiers but would be considered undrinkable today, and slaves drank wine-like drinks made from the skins and pips of grapes soaked in water. Athletes were advised to drink wine only moderately.

Wine is frequently referred to in the Christian Gospels, and the wine cup Jesus used at the ‘Last Supper’ came to be called the Holy Grail. According to medieval poetry and legend, it was also used to collect his blood and was much sought by the crusaders as a holy relic.

Early Christian devotion is represented in the exhibition by a Tunisian plate fragment stamped with the image of a woolly lamb (a common early Christian symbol).

Who stamped it and why? Was the artisan expressing piety or cleverly taking advantage of demand from adherents of this new religion?

Perhaps its users felt protected by this sacred symbol as they reclined to dine, reaching into the communal dish of food with their fingers, as was the custom.

Cups and jugs, gold coins and terracotta statuettes, a marble cupid, a bronze wrestler, glass bottles and cosmetic pots speak to us with the voices of ancient people about their intimate lives.

The exhibition Ancient Lives: Insights from the Classics and Archaeology Collection is jointly curated by Dr Caroline Tully and Dr Tamara Lewit, and presents about 100 objects from the University of Melbourne Classics and Archaeology Collection.

The exhibition forms part of the Ian Potter Museum of Art’s artistic program and is presented at the Old Quad while the Potter is undergoing transformation of its entrance and teaching spaces.

It is open at the Old Quad, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, from 24 July 2023 – 17 May 2024, Monday to Friday 10-5. Entry is free. There are free Open Day curators’ talks at 11.30am on Sunday 20 August 2023.

Banner: The serene face of a dead woman, lips tinted pink and eyes outlined with kohl, gazes at us from this mummy mask. Installation view, Ancient Lives, Old Quad, 2023. Courtesy of Museums and Collections Department, the University of Melbourne. Photo: Christian Capurro.

First published on 3 August 2023 in Humanities

Dr Tamara Lewit

Honorary Fellow, School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne; Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, London

Dr Caroline Tully

Honorary Fellow, School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne

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<header><h1>Beauty, wine and death in the ancient world</h1><p><a rel="author" href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/individuals/dr-caroline-tully">Dr Caroline Tully</a> and <a rel="author" href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/individuals/dr-tamara-lewit">Dr Tamara Lewit</a></p></header><p>Picture a woman gazing at her face in a small mirror of highly polished brass. She has never seen her whole body – no mirror is that large in the Greek and Roman worlds. </p><p>She whitens her face with powdered chalk and reddens her cheeks with a dye made from the <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765369-1">madder plant</a>. Her fingers dip into a round dish decorated with a fanciful horse-headed sea monster.</p><figure class="full-width"><img alt="" itemprop="image" sizes="(min-width: 1300px) 892px, (min-width: 1099px) 860px, (min-width: 769px) 700px, 100vw" src="https://res-4.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--DwZAfAKf--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_892/v1/pursuit-uploads/6df/cfe/a33/6dfcfea3334c09d8e7e12334021a84f08c168d91457f3038ecb2a43c3977.jpg" srcset="https://res-4.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--8XKp2AQa--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_446/v1/pursuit-uploads/6df/cfe/a33/6dfcfea3334c09d8e7e12334021a84f08c168d91457f3038ecb2a43c3977.jpg 446w, https://res-4.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--9AtRLgKX--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_669/v1/pursuit-uploads/6df/cfe/a33/6dfcfea3334c09d8e7e12334021a84f08c168d91457f3038ecb2a43c3977.jpg 669w, https://res-4.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--DwZAfAKf--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_892/v1/pursuit-uploads/6df/cfe/a33/6dfcfea3334c09d8e7e12334021a84f08c168d91457f3038ecb2a43c3977.jpg 892w, https://res-4.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--JB4wHUHP--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_1784/v1/pursuit-uploads/6df/cfe/a33/6dfcfea3334c09d8e7e12334021a84f08c168d91457f3038ecb2a43c3977.jpg 1784w" /><figcaption>This first or second century CE steatite (soapstone) compartmented dish with sea-monster decoration may have been used for a woman’s cosmetics. Picture: The University of Melbourne Art Collection 2018.0133.000.000. Gift of David and Marion Adams, donated in memory of Robert Murray Heatley, 2018</figcaption></figure><p>We can seldom glimpse the workrooms, bedrooms and sickrooms of such ancient people or the hidden everyday lives of women, children, slaves or artisans who have left little trace and are often ignored in the writing of history. </p><p><em><a href="https://art-museum.unimelb.edu.au/exhibitions/ancient-lives/">Ancient Lives: Insights from the Classics and Archaeology Collection</a></em>, a new two-part exhibition developed by the Ian Potter Museum of Art at the University of Melbourne’s <a href="https://about.unimelb.edu.au/old-quad">Old Quad</a>, gives a rare window into these lives.</p><p>The sea-monster dish is one of the many tiny, personal objects featured in one part of the exhibition: <em>Amor et Mors</em>: <em>Vessels for the Beautiful Body in Life and Death</em>.</p><figure class="related inset-right" role="complementary"><a class="single" data-bound="true" href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/all-rivers-lead-to-rome"><img alt="" itemprop="image" src="https://res-2.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/fetch/s--vol0MsTe--/c_fill,f_jpg,q_70,w_435/https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--OXQSaeBi--/c_fill%2Cf_auto%2Ch_630%2Cq_75%2Cw_1200/v1/pursuit-uploads/957/099/dbb/957099dbb6947c3286139be13c730f8a8576ea4399503f0b2c71b9a2588e.jpg" /><h3>All rivers lead to Rome</h3><div class="readmore">Read more</div></a></figure><h2>LIFE, DEATH AND BEAUTY</h2><p>Instead of chalk and dye, perhaps the woman at the mirror is using poisonous <a href="https://www.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/blog/dangerous-beauty-hazardous-chemicals-and-poisons-in-historic-cosmetics/">white lead</a> and scarlet cinnabar (mercury sulphide) in her efforts to enhance her beauty. </p><p>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet">Roman poet Ovid</a> suggests a mixture of crushed Libyan barley, <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:524727-1">bitter vetch</a>, eggs and the first horns of a stag, mixed with narcissus bulbs and honey, <a href="https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/ovid-on-cosmetics-medicamina-faciei-femineae-and-related-texts/ch1-medicamina-faciei-femineae">so that</a> “any woman who applies this treatment to her face will gleam more smoothly than her own mirror”. </p><p>Such a mixture would have been stored in a <a href="https://storeroom.its.unimelb.edu.au/ipm/?page=search#view=details&id=f4f8&terms=%5B%22and%22%2C%5B%5B%22and%22%2C%5B%5D%5D%2C%5B%22keywords%22%2C%22pyxis%22%5D%5D%5D&offset=6">pyxis</a>, a small cylindrical or convex box with a lid, decorated with animals like sphinxes and lions and patterned with spots, squares and squiggles.<br /></p><p>People not only wanted to look beautiful but also to smell divine. A man would anoint himself with cardamon perfume and scented hair oil from a miniature glass bottle – perhaps a new type of bottle, shaped by artisans with their breath.</p><p>Blown glass was invented in the Near East in the first century BCE (the earliest evidence having been <a href="https://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1510&hist=1">found in Jerusalem</a>) and was brought to Rome by artisans and slaves from the region.</p><figure class="full-width"><img alt="" itemprop="image" sizes="(min-width: 1300px) 892px, (min-width: 1099px) 860px, (min-width: 769px) 700px, 100vw" src="https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--GZGFOi1l--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_892/v1/pursuit-uploads/b11/d13/42b/b11d1342b53ea2568ae27eede3d0e44679ff27421961d94a69fbde5e6ce7.jpg" srcset="https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--cQGv4cGI--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_446/v1/pursuit-uploads/b11/d13/42b/b11d1342b53ea2568ae27eede3d0e44679ff27421961d94a69fbde5e6ce7.jpg 446w, https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--TXDq_eXn--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_669/v1/pursuit-uploads/b11/d13/42b/b11d1342b53ea2568ae27eede3d0e44679ff27421961d94a69fbde5e6ce7.jpg 669w, https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--GZGFOi1l--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_892/v1/pursuit-uploads/b11/d13/42b/b11d1342b53ea2568ae27eede3d0e44679ff27421961d94a69fbde5e6ce7.jpg 892w, https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--JeQItDTF--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_1784/v1/pursuit-uploads/b11/d13/42b/b11d1342b53ea2568ae27eede3d0e44679ff27421961d94a69fbde5e6ce7.jpg 1784w" /><figcaption>Blown glass was brought to Rome by artisans and slaves from the Near East. Installation view, Ancient Lives, Old Quad, 2023. Courtesy of Museums and Collections Department, the University of Melbourne. Photo: Christian Capurro.</figcaption></figure><p>Ancient perfumes were made using olive, almond or sesame oil mixed with fragrant rose, coriander or wild thyme. The most expensive perfumes contained exotic frankincense, myrrh, cinnamon or cassia, brought from as far as Arabia and India. Indian patchouli was <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/6/6/236">recently discovered</a> in an ancient perfume bottle in Spain.<br /></p><p>Perfume and beauty were not only for the living but also for the dead. Fragrant oils and unguents were used to beautify the corpse and were offered at the grave.</p><figure class="related inset-right" role="complementary"><a class="single" data-bound="true" href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/happy-ancient-roman-mother-s-day"><img alt="" itemprop="image" src="https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/fetch/s--Q_Fq6hyO--/c_fill,f_jpg,q_70,w_435/https://res-4.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--ad_QQlx8--/c_fill%2Cf_auto%2Ch_630%2Cq_75%2Cw_1200/v1/pursuit-uploads/375/de6/52f/375de652f51a0d3418ce115416ae6b3c9d7365d395b3fcbcee38e27cc4c7.jpg" /><h3>Happy ancient Roman Mother's Day</h3><div class="readmore">Read more</div></a></figure><h2>WINE FOR THE LIVING AND THE DEAD – AND BABIES</h2><p>Wine was <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/history-of-libations-on-graves">another important offering</a>, given to the dead during funerals or poured into the tomb through holes or tubes on the birthdays of the deceased.<br /></p><p>The second part of our exhibition, <em>White, Tawny, Blood-red, Black: Wine in the Greek and Roman Worlds</em>, explores how wine offerings to the gods were also an essential part of religion, poured at household shrines every day and on special occasions such as returning from a journey.<br /></p><p>Coins in the exhibition show deities and emperors performing these rites, which were also carried out by the humblest fishermen, young girls or farm housekeepers. </p><p>Wine was used extensively in medicine. <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315677729/medicina-plinii-yvette-hunt">A Roman handbook of home remedies</a> recommends gargling ground pigeon dung or crushed millipedes in wine for sore tonsils. </p><p>Herbal wines made with mint, fennel and wormwood (the main ingredient of modern absinthe) were used to cure ailments including coughs and stomach upsets. </p><figure class="full-width"><img alt="" itemprop="image" sizes="(min-width: 1300px) 892px, (min-width: 1099px) 860px, (min-width: 769px) 700px, 100vw" src="https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--7weHGNdu--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_892/v1/pursuit-uploads/3d6/12b/3e5/3d612b3e52a9d836a94601b61819c462ccefb0c88d2f82e8cb7c86ac12b6.jpg" srcset="https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--txdjpNss--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_446/v1/pursuit-uploads/3d6/12b/3e5/3d612b3e52a9d836a94601b61819c462ccefb0c88d2f82e8cb7c86ac12b6.jpg 446w, https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--AtWzeLc---/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_669/v1/pursuit-uploads/3d6/12b/3e5/3d612b3e52a9d836a94601b61819c462ccefb0c88d2f82e8cb7c86ac12b6.jpg 669w, https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--7weHGNdu--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_892/v1/pursuit-uploads/3d6/12b/3e5/3d612b3e52a9d836a94601b61819c462ccefb0c88d2f82e8cb7c86ac12b6.jpg 892w, https://res-5.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--sjWSJbnj--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_1784/v1/pursuit-uploads/3d6/12b/3e5/3d612b3e52a9d836a94601b61819c462ccefb0c88d2f82e8cb7c86ac12b6.jpg 1784w" /><figcaption>The Ancient Lives exhibition presents around 100 objects from the University’s Classics and Archaeology collection. Installation view, Ancient Lives, Old Quad, 2023. Courtesy of Museums and Collections Department, the University of Melbourne. Photo: Christian Capurro.</figcaption></figure><p><a href="https://recipes.hypotheses.org/3357">One Greek treatise</a> even recommends an injection of wine mixed with chopped up lizard as a horse aphrodisiac.</p><p>But wine was also a universal part of the diet for everyone – even children. <a href="https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title/2375/soranus-gynecology">Medical writers</a> recommended that babies be weaned using bread softened in sweet wine, since without refrigeration milk would easily spoil. </p><p>Wine was always drunk diluted with at least three or four parts of water, except for religious rituals. Drinking water was often contaminated and was safer when mixed with wine, the acidic and alcohol content killing pathogens. </p><figure class="related inset-right" role="complementary"><a class="single" data-bound="true" href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/laos-jars-are-slowly-revealing-their-secrets"><img alt="" itemprop="image" src="https://res-3.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/fetch/s--38Sa6n5E--/c_fill,f_jpg,q_70,w_435/https://res-3.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--PUG_QvZQ--/c_fill%2Cf_auto%2Ch_630%2Cq_75%2Cw_1200/v1/pursuit-uploads/1e6/e22/9a5/1e6e229a51f7a1bcc614f04703c55892c9549c28021d5255de6df425bd12.jpg" /><h3>Laos jars are slowly revealing their secrets</h3><div class="readmore">Read more</div></a></figure><p><a href="http://pass-the-garum.blogspot.com/2013/09/posca.html">Sour wine</a>, which was virtually vinegar, was distributed as rations to Roman soldiers but would be considered undrinkable today, and slaves <a href="http://avirtualmuseum.org/exhibits/roman_wine/lixivum/lixivum_5.html">drank wine-like drinks</a> made from the skins and pips of grapes soaked in water. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen">Athletes were advised</a> to drink wine only moderately.</p><p>Wine is frequently referred to in the Christian Gospels, and the wine cup Jesus used at the ‘Last Supper’ came to be called <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Grail">the Holy Grail</a>. According to medieval poetry and legend, it was also used to collect his blood and was much sought by the crusaders as a holy relic. </p><p>Early Christian devotion is represented in the exhibition by a Tunisian plate fragment stamped with the image of a woolly lamb (a common early Christian symbol). </p><p>Who stamped it and why? Was the artisan expressing piety or cleverly taking advantage of demand from adherents of this new religion? </p><p>Perhaps its users felt protected by this sacred symbol as they reclined to dine, reaching into the communal dish of food with their fingers, as was the custom. </p><figure class="full-width"><img alt="" itemprop="image" sizes="(min-width: 1300px) 892px, (min-width: 1099px) 860px, (min-width: 769px) 700px, 100vw" src="https://res-1.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--uSrTTyAY--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_892/v1/pursuit-uploads/e73/9d5/703/e739d5703201b2fd838c43319547e91859594a5bf6e730db7eec14895f7f.jpg" srcset="https://res-1.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--TyxgaU5L--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_446/v1/pursuit-uploads/e73/9d5/703/e739d5703201b2fd838c43319547e91859594a5bf6e730db7eec14895f7f.jpg 446w, https://res-1.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--t7xELsvX--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_669/v1/pursuit-uploads/e73/9d5/703/e739d5703201b2fd838c43319547e91859594a5bf6e730db7eec14895f7f.jpg 669w, https://res-1.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--uSrTTyAY--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_892/v1/pursuit-uploads/e73/9d5/703/e739d5703201b2fd838c43319547e91859594a5bf6e730db7eec14895f7f.jpg 892w, https://res-1.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/upload/s--6C8kWdGD--/c_limit,f_auto,q_75,w_1784/v1/pursuit-uploads/e73/9d5/703/e739d5703201b2fd838c43319547e91859594a5bf6e730db7eec14895f7f.jpg 1784w" /><figcaption>This bronze Roman head of a wrestler from the second century CE is one of many objects that build an intimate picture of ancient people. Picture: The University of Melbourne Art Collection 2009.0253.000.000. Gift of David and Marion Adams, 2009</figcaption></figure><p>Cups and jugs, gold coins and terracotta statuettes, a marble cupid, a bronze wrestler, glass bottles and cosmetic pots speak to us with the voices of ancient people about their intimate lives.<br /></p><p><a><em>The exhibition </em></a><a href="https://art-museum.unimelb.edu.au/exhibitions/ancient-lives/">Ancient Lives: Insights from the Classics and Archaeology Collection</a><em> is jointly curated by Dr Caroline Tully and Dr Tamara Lewit, and presents about 100 objects from the University of Melbourne Classics and Archaeology Collection. </em></p><p><em>The exhibition forms part of the <a href="https://art-museum.unimelb.edu.au/">Ian Potter Museum of Art’s</a> artistic program and is presented at the Old Quad while the Potter is undergoing transformation of its entrance and teaching spaces.</em></p><p><em> It is open at the Old Quad, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, from 24 July 2023 – 17 May 2024, Monday to Friday 10-5. </em><em>Entry is free. </em><em>There are free <a href="https://study.unimelb.edu.au/openday">Open Day</a> curators’ talks at 11.30am on Sunday 20 August 2023. </em></p><p>Banner: The serene face of a dead woman, lips tinted pink and eyes outlined with kohl, gazes at us from this mummy mask. Installation view, <em>Ancient Lives</em>, Old Quad, 2023. Courtesy of Museums and Collections Department, the University of Melbourne. Photo: Christian Capurro.</p><img alt="" height="1" style="display:none" width="1" src="//track.web.unimelb.edu.au/pursuit/pageview.png?location=https%3A%2F%2Fpursuit.unimelb.edu.au%2Farticles%2Fbeauty-wine-and-death-in-the-ancient-world&title=Beauty%2C+wine+and+death+in+the+ancient+world&path=%2Farticles%2Fbeauty-wine-and-death-in-the-ancient-world&campaign_name=Pursuit+republishing&campaign_medium=republish&campaign_content=Beauty%2C+wine+and+death+in+the+ancient+world" />

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